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Главный редактор: И.С. Прохоров, к.с.-х.н.

Редакция: И.И. Прохорова (директор), М.А. Королькова, Н.В. Куроптева, М.В. Царева, к.с.-х.н.

Редколлегия: А.И. Беленков, д.с.-х.н., С.Л. Белопухов, д.с.-х.н., к.х.н., Н.М. Белоус, д.с.-х.н., Т.Ю. Бортник, д.с.-х.н., И.И. Дмитревская, д.с.-х.н., Л.А. Дорожкина, д.с.-х.н., А.А. Завалин, д.с.-х.н., С.Ю. Зайцев, д.б.н., д.х.н., А.Л. Иванов, д.б.н., Л.В. Кирейчева, д.т.н., А.В. Кураков, д.б.н., С.В. Лукин, д.с.-х.н., С.М. Лукин, д.б.н., М.Г. Мустафаев, д.с.-х.н. (Азербайджан), С.М. Надежкин, д.б.н., М.М. Овчаренко, д.с.-х.н., к.х.н., А.В. Пасынков, д.б.н., Т.Ф. Персикова, д.с.-х.н. (Беларусь), О.А. Подколзин, д.с.-х.н., Т.Р. Рыспеков (Казахстан), к.с.-х.н., Н.И. Санжарова, д.б.н., В.М. Семенов, д.б.н., В.И. Титова, д.с.-х.н., П.А. Чекмарев, д.с.-х.н., О.Х. Эргашева, к.б.н. (Узбекистан)

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Подписано в печать: 09.12.2016
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Свидетельство № 011095.

SOIL FERTILITY

Dynamics of soil acidity and chemical reclamation of arable soils in Belgorod region

The soil cover in a forest-steppe zone of Belgorod region is presented by chernozem typical, lixivious, podzolic and dark gray forest soils, and in a steppe zone – chernozem ordinary. As results of agrochemical inspection of arable soils it is established that during time from 1976-1989 to 2010-2014 the share of sour soils of Belgorod region has increased from 22,8 to 45,8%. Acidulation is characteristic of arable soils of a forest-steppe zone. For years of observations the share of sour soils in the forest-steppe has increased by 18,2-56,4%. The highest share of acid soils is noted in Borisovsky (83,7%) and Ivnyansky (80,0%) areas. For fight against soils acidity in region the program of lime application is implemented. For 2010-2014 there were limed 183,34 thousand hectares of acid soils on which 2554 thousand tons of ameliorants generally defecate are brought.

Keywords: arable soils, Belgorod region, soil acidity, lime application, defecate.


Agroecological properties of light gray forest soils and productivity of winter rye

The paper presents the regional statistical characteristic of analytical and morphometric properties of the prevailing light-gray forest agrogenic soils and dynamics of productivity of winter rye during 1967-2009. It is established that the overall nutrition balance is positive, while for phosphorus it is plus 15.4 kg, nitrogen – plus 4.7 kg, potassium negative – a minus of 16.5 kg. As an example, a background zone of light-grey forest soils shows changes in agrochemical condition through economic activities. This regularity affects the dynamics of the yield of winter rye district. The actual yield of winter rye increased from the beginning of observation to the last years, with maximum rate of 31.9 t/ha. However, in recent years there is a downward trend in yields of all crops, including winter rye. Decreased the yield of winter rye by area record sliding her for 11 and 22 years, which is connected with a negative balance of macronutrients in agriculture during this period.

Keywords: light gray forest soils, statistical parameters, the yield of winter rye.


Integral assessment of long-fallow lands fertility in Astrakhan region

An article dwells upon 2011-2015 findings of agrochemical survey of long-fallow lands in the Astrakhan region. 37 thousand soil samples of topsoil (0-20 cm) within the area of 551.1 thousand hectares were studied. Soils of the Astrakhan region are low and medium alkaline in terms of Ph of soil solution, low and little humus in terms of organic matter content, they reach 0.7% in the soils of the Liman region; low (30.2 mg/kg) and medium (54.3 mg/kg) in terms of active solid phase phosphorus content; of medium and higher levels in terms of exchange potassium content.

Keywords: topsoil, long-fallow lands, soil fertility, humus, agrochemical survey, labile phosphorus, exchange potassium.


AGROECOLOGY PROBLEMS

Relief and features intrasoil migration fertilizing elements in agricultural landscapes

The article shows the relationship of global climate change with the restructuring of the water and nutrient status of the southern black earth. We give patterns paired-term seasonal migration of free moisture and nutrients for the 1,5-meter soil profile in all parts of the agricultural landscape of the watershed to the slope. The maximum content of nitrate nitrogen before snowmelt was noted in the layer of 20-100 cm, and after the snow melt - in layers 50-150 cm. At the beginning of the period of snowmelt highest content of nitrate nitrogen was observed on average facies, with the least-content - on top facies slope. By the end of the snow melting moisture reserves and nitrate nitrogen in 1,5 m of the soil increased, respectively, by 30,3 and 20,5%. Nitrate nitrogen content decreases down the profile with low levels, considerably its accumulation in the parent rock, which indicates the presence of permanent under-subsurface migration processes. Unlike nitrate nitrogen dynamic changes of available phosphorus in the 1,5-meter soil layer is less pronounced and not clearly distinguishable pattern. Flushing larger particles size distribution and accumulation of them in the hollow led to an increase in the phosphorus content as compared with the soil on the positive forms of relief, an average of 1,5-meter layer of soil to 29 mg/kg or 17%. The difference in yield between facies due to natural fertility, was 0,62 t/ha, or 55,3%, while the average for the options with the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers – 0,77 t/ha or 44,2%. Research results will be is-to use to support the development of the landscape of agricultural chemistry.

Keywords: relief, nutrients, soil moisture, snowmelt.


Experimental evaluation of dispersivity length value

The correct quantitative description and mathematical modeling of soil water flow with dissolved agrochemicals is possible with experimental determination of salt transfer parameters in particular «dispersivity length» or «diffusivity of substance». In research the effect of experimental scale and soil texture on quantitative value of «dispersivity length» is examined. It was found that the impact of experimental scale on «dispersivity length» is most pronounced in podzolic soils with its features of the pore space structure. For multiscale undisturbed samples of alluvial soil values of «dispersivity length» differ slightly. It is possibly that for light soils the influence of sample size on dispersivity length appears in conditions of larger scale and lateral moisture transfer.

Keywords: soil, agrochemicals, dispersivity length, diffusivity of substance, preferential flows, migration of substances.


Ecological estimation of chernozem soil into forest-steppe zone in Middle Volga regions

The ecological risks and degradation of chernozems of one of the Middle Volga region on the example of forest-steppe landscapes educational and experimental farm of Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University «Mummovskoe» Saratov region. Monitoring of the ecological state of agrarian, floodplain, steppe and forest-steppe landscapes Atkarsk area held by the authors in 2006 studied the major subtypes of chernozem and solonetz automorphic. The factors that contribute to the evolution of chernozems on the watershed and floodplain river terraces: climate aridity, drought, fires, formation of a «plow pan» in the arable horizons, the use of «clean» vapor in crop rotations, causing overheating of the upper soil horizons and the upward migration of water-soluble salts and, consequently, more rapid degradation of chernozems and alkalinity. It was found that plakor native shores and river terraces Large Kolyshley observed mass death of birch facies, and to a lesser extent oak especially after the catastrophic drought and fires in 2010. The dynamics of the morphology and chemical properties solonetzic chernozems developed on saline rocks with gravel flasks. Such profiles clearly defined whitish eluvial layer, which some authors wrongly attributed to the podzolic horizon and soil – chernozems to podzolized. The oak facies with no degraded chernozems whitish horizon is missing. But the roots of woody plants are mostly located not in the humus-accumulative horizon, which is considered the most important in the ecosystem, and palebrown mineral Bt layer, in contact with gravel, scree flask and close to the surface of the overlying saline rock.

Keywords: forest-steppe, steppe and flood plain landscapes, chernozem, evolution, alkalinity, salinity, dehumification, aridization, draught, fires, succetion, elological risks.


Utilization waste coal mining industry in agriculture

Effectiveness of mining coal industry wastes as a fertilizer on soddy-podzolic soil was studied in field experiment. The greatest increase in grain yield of field crops (winter rye, spring wheat, barley, oat) noted when applying of coal wastes at dose of 1.5 t/ha on 0.19-0.62 t/ha and of clover hay 0.89 t/ha. The productivity of field seven-course crop rotation increased by 18%. Grain yield of winter rye and spring wheat when applying of coal wastes at doses of 3.0 and 6.0 t/ha remained at control. Significantly increased the yield of clover, barley and noted tendency to increase of oat yield. Productivity of crop rotation increased by 8%. Significant difference between the effect of coal wastes doses on soil fertility indicators was not revealed. Content of organic carbon increased by 7-13%, of available phosphorus by 14-22%. Noted improvement of indicators the soil absorbing complex - increased amount of exchangeable bases, content of exchangeable magnesium, decreased hydrolytic acidity. Cellulolytic or biological activity of the soil increased by 1.8-1.9 times. Applying of coal wastes significantly increased nitrogen content in grain of winter rye and spring wheat on 5.5-13.0%, contributed to significant increase crude fat content in green weight of clover in 1.2-1.5 times. Noted tendency to increase of crude protein and total phosphorus content. Content of mobile and acid-soluble forms of lead and cadmium in the soil decreased when used of coal wastes.

Keywords: mining coal industry wastes, fertilizer, soddy-podzolic soil, yield, fertility, heavy metals.


Bioassay, soil contaminated with heavy metals using ciliates

The article deals with estimation of soil pollution using bioassay on the ciliates. Held the rationale for the use of complex bioassays eluate and contact types. Method for assessing the toxicity bioassay HM soil water extract from the soil with the use of ciliates has significant limitations associated both with low HM obtain an aqueous extract and to form a chelate complex and compound does not exhibit toxicity in 1-3 day bioassay. The complex bioassays to determine toxicity of the soil should include both the eluate and the contact method to give an objective assessment of the pollution caused by adsorbed or poorly soluble toxicants, creating chronic toxicity of soils, such as heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, oil products pollution, etc.

Keywords: soil pollution, bioassay, heavy metals, chelation, toxicity, fulvic acids, complex compounds.


Evaluation of soil salinity in the north-eastern part of Nile Delta

Evaluation results of soil salinity of the north-eastern part of Nile Delta are presented. Largest alluvial soil salinity is fixed in the Northern Nile Delta. When moving to the Mainland soil salinity decreases. The map of soil salinity of the north-eastern part of Nile Delta is given. A high degree of correlation between the concentration of toxic salts in the soil and electrical conductivity is detected.

Keywords: estimation of soil salinity, degree and chemistry of salinity, electrical conductivity, alluvial soil, degradation, Nile Delta.


PLANT PROTECTION

Estimation of Concept herbicide efficiency for soybean cultivation in Primorsky Krai

In 2014-2015 scientists of the Far Eastern Institute for Plant Protection examined biological and economic efficiency of a new two-component herbicide Concept in rate of 1.0 l/ha in the field experiment on vegetating weed plants and soybeans in the phase of 1-2 ternate leaves. It was found that the preparation has a good herbicide activity against annual grass weeds, some annual and perennial dicotyledonous species, widespread in crops of soybeans in the southern part of the Far East. The decisive factor in the efficiency of the “Concept” herbicide in the weed control with Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Commelina communis and some dicotyledonous perennial species, is the phase of their growth and development during the period of application of the preparation. Significant damage of these weeds will be possible only applying on young plants. As a result of the "Concept" application, reduction of the total mass of weeds on average during two years was 52-56% in terms of accounting and has received a substantial increase of soybean yield – 0,34 t/ha. As for the Control, it was 0.64 t/ha.

Keywords: soybean, weeds, herbicide, damage symptoms, mass reducing, seeds, efficiency, productivity.


Influence of agrochemicals and electromagnetic fields EHF for pre-sowing seeds treatment and nutrition backgrounds on winter wheat yield

The effect of pre-sowing seed treatment chemical protectants, bio-fungicide and weak electromagnetic fields shortwave frequency (EHF) at the inactivation of pathogens on the surface of seeds and seedlings in the rhizosphere of winter rye. Formation of a high yield of winter rye 3.09 t/ha was in the form of pre-sowing seed treatment «EHF – 30 min. Vialt, 2 kg/t» and when you make the calculated doses of NPK by 4.0 t/ha. The use of electromagnetic influence (EHF – 30 min.) increased the winter rye grain yield as compared to the control at 0.3 and 0.24 t/ha, from the use of disinfectant Vialt (2 kg/t) exceeding the yield was 0,13-0.14 t/ha as compared to the control.

Keywords: winter rye, plant diseases, presowing treatment, phytopatogenes, leaf-stem mycoses, yield.


Influence of herbicides on soil microorganisms at different mineral nutrition backgrounds

The results of three years of research on the influence of a new generation of multi-component herbicide used on two backgrounds mineral nutrition and N54P54K54 N70P70K70 cellulolytic activity on dark gray forest soils sregnesuglinistoy. Substantial differences in the action of herbicides, depending on weather conditions. Under certain weather conditions, the combination of herbicides pruner Turbo, MD, Demeter Mix (a mixture of Demeter products, CE and Mortar, EDC) and bomb EDC with backgrounds (of NPK)54 and (of NPK)70 proved optimal for cellulolytic activity of soil, which allows you to indirectly judge on the security of crops with nutrients, because the higher the degree of decomposition of linen, the process of transformation of nutrients in the soil intensively occur.

Keywords: гербициды, удобрения, дозы, сроки, погодные условия, целлюлозолитическая активность почвы.


Action of biopreparations on productivity of soybean in the conditions of Primorsky krai

Prototypes were tested on the basis of strains of rhizosphere bacteria Bacillus subtilis: BZR 336g, BZR 517 and Pseudomonas sp. – BZR 245-F with a titer of at least 1 billion/ml of each microorganisms. The study was carried out in field experiments on crops of soybean seaside Primorskya 13. The purpose of research – assessment of the effect of test samples of biological products on the basis of new strains of bacteria on leaf spot and soybean productivity in the conditions of Primorye.

Keywords: biopreparations, strains of bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas sp., septorios, perono- sporos, soybean, yield, Primorsky Krai.