SOIL PROPERTIES

Ulanov A.K., Budazhapov L.V. (burniish@inbox.ru)

Change of humus content in chestnut soil as a consequence of long-term anthropogenic impact in dry steppe of Buryatia

Article describes influence of crop rotations, tillage and fertilizers systems and their effects on the change of humus content in chestnut soil in four long-term stationary experiments with duration from 25 to 42 years. For twenty-five years of resting fallow the humus losses at 0-20 cm soil layer amounted to 0.26 percent in relation to its initial content, and with narrowing ratio HA:FA it made up 0.76 percent. Humus losses in the grain crop rotation at 0-20 cm soil layer for the same period of time amounted to 0.10 percent, and 0.85 percent with narrowing ratio HA:FA. In contrast, its content increased by 0.40 percent in the long fallow land, and 0.95 percent with expansion ratio HA:FA. A positive humus balance and preservation of qualitative humus content in the grain crop rotation can be achieved by 40 tons manuring per hectare or cultivating of clover for both green manure and feeding purposes. Combined tillage systems are sufficient to prevent erosion and humus losses, and equally to make the most favorable conditions for the formation of humic substances of relatively high quality at increased humus horizon. Under the long-term application of organic fertilizers in fallow fields (42 years), both separately and together with mineral fertilizers the humus content in chestnut soils levels out and improves. In addition, the quality of humus content may also improve.

Keywords: chestnut soil, inventory and qualitative humus content, crop rotation, tillage, fertilizer.

Grechishkina Yu.I., Esaulko A.N., Sigida M.S., Korostylev S.A. (lnwg@mail.ru)

Change of reaction among of the soil solution of leached chernozem in connection with the using of fertilizer systems

The reaction of the soil solution is a fundamental component of soil fertility. The article presents the long-term data on the effect of the systematic application of fertilizers on pH of leached chernozem. The nature and assessment of the action of fertilizers on the physicochemical properties of the soil, as well as all other indicators of fertility depend on soil and climatic conditions and forms of fertilizer. Based on data analysis 39-year period was revealed a clear trend of acidification of the leached chernozem in the zone of an unreliable moistening of Stavropol region.

Keywords: leached chernozem, fertilizer system, soil pH, fertility, the reaction of the soil solution, soil properties, long-term experience.

Bikkinina L.M.-Kh., Aliev Sh.A., Sidorov V.V. (niiaxp2@mail.ru)

Improving of leached chernozem structure under influence of liming

Liming contributed to the increase in the proportion of favorable lumpy-granular macrostructure of the soil 0.25-10 mm. Introduction of dolomite powder in all doses increased the content of agronomically valuable particles in the soil to 62,7-69.2%. The number of particles (> 0.25 mm) under the influence of ameliorant increased by 7.4-24.1 percent in comparison with the control.

Coefficient of structure (Cs) characterizes the potential capacity of a leached black soil to aggregation. While the greatest its magnitude (KS = 2.0 and 2.2) was noted under the influence of dolomite powder, capped at doses of 8.8 and 13.2 t/ha. In the control of the arable layer of water-resistant structural units larger than 0.25 mm made 32,8-33,7%, less than 0.25 mm - 66,3-67,2%. The studied doses of dolomite in varying degrees affect the reproduction of the lost water-stable structure of leached chernozem. The proportion of structural units of 0.25 mm under the influence of dolomite powder embedded in a dose of 0.5 Ng increased by 7,4-14,4%, 1.0 Ng - 11,7-18,6% to 1 and 5 H – by 16,6-24,1% as compared with the control.

Keywords: liming, dolomitic lime, leached chernozem, structural-aggregate composition, water resistance, soil treatment.

Karpova D.V., Chizhikova N.P., Kolobova N.A., Kononenko V.V. (chizhikova38@mail.ru)

Analysis of agro phosphorous in gray soils of Vladimir opolie

The study analyzes phosphorus activity in arable gray soils of Vladimir opolie on the basis of the differential estimation of its distribution in nutrient elements reserves and its activity when phosphorus-containing mineral fertilizers of different doses are added. The changes in soil in terms of phosphorus are analyzed conditional on its spatial distribution, which depends on the conditions of soil formation on various relief elements as well as types and doses of mineral fertilizers. The study reveals that that the transformation of phosphorus fertilizers in arable gray soil occurs without substantial chemical fixing of nutrients into forms inaccessible for plants. Phosphorus fertilizers were distributed relatively evenly over the major fractions of extractable phosphates.

Keywords: phosphorus, differential estimation of phosphorus content, particle-size fractions, phosphorus reserves.

Stepanova L.P., Yakovlevа E.V. (Elenavalerevna79@yandex.ru), Pisarevа A.V., Raskatov V.A. (raskatovv@list.ru)

Environmental assessment of the microbiological structure of the complex anthropogenically-transformed territories

Presents results of a study of transformed urbanozem. A comparative analysis of the structure of ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms in urban soils prevailing in urban natural and anthropogenically disturbed soils. Given environmental and microbiological characteristics of soil ecosystems. It was found that: the total number of microorganisms in the experimental points at different distances from the Kashira highway ranged between 35.77 ± 5.12 x 106 CFU/g to 57,18 ± 5,29 x 106 CFU/g; number ammonifiers varied within 1.49-2.80 x 107 CFU/g of absolutely dry soil [8]; aminoavtotrofnyh maximum number of bacteria was detected in urbanozem with distance of 50 meters from the highway and was 2.26 x 107 CFU/g, and the minimum (1.13 x 107 CFU/g) - is shown in the experimental point in close proximity to the highway. The experienced urbanozem located in the most distance from the highway bacteria count was 1.87 x 107 CFU/g. The highest number of fungal microflora found at the greatest distance from the highway and was 4.91 x 107 CFU/g, the amount of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms was the least in close proximity to the highway and reached 1.1 x 105 CFU/g, which is nearly 5 times lower than the set the number of fungal microflora at the point with the greatest distance from the highway; actinomycetes amount varied from 1.3 x 105 CFU/g in the vicinity of the highway to 2.41 x 105 CFU/g in the largest distance from it. In soils of the experimental points at 50 m distance from the highway number of actinomycetes declined sharply and was 5.5 times less than the number of cellulolytic actinomycetes in urbanopochvah at greatest distance from the highway.

Keywords: microorganisms, urban ecosystems, the abundance and biomass of invertebrates, structure of soil-biotic communities.

Мazhayskiy Yu.A. (mail@mntc.pro, director@mntc.pro), Mustafayev F.M. (bakili_888@list.ru)

Change of soil agrophysical properties at experimental plots in Shirvan steppe

The article provides detailed information about the study of some parameters on the selected experimental plots soil Shirvan steppe. In general the soil of the experimental plot heavy granulometric composition, weak permeable ability, low maintenance and salonauto. Given the permeability of soils and their particle size distribution, in both experimental plots it is recommended that a temporary drains to drain spacing of 25-50 m and a depth of 0.5-0.8 m. At the end of each section at a depth of 1.0-1.5 m needs to be done temporary drainage system for the flow of excess groundwater in the constant drain. Increased fertility of these and other soils can be carried out periodical deep tillage, crop rotation, adjusting the plow horizon of up to one meter or more.

Keywords: melioration, soils salinization, granulometric composition, absorbed bases, humus, nitrogen.

SOIL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Belenkov A.I., Umar Sabo, Malakhov N.V. (belenokaleksis@mail.ru)

Study of treatment technology influence on fertility of soddy-podzolic soil at field experiment of Center for precision agriculture

The study analyses the agrochemical of soddy-podzolic soil in the experimental field of Center for precision agriculture at Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University which compares the traditional and precision technology of winter wheat cultivation. As the main plot, while two stages of the basic soil treatment – tillage (moldboard) and zero tillage (direct seeding) as sub-plot. The mean differences between the technologies are less visible, than between tillage treatments, which almost show the same content of nitrogen .The result of the experiment shows excess phosphorus and potassium content in the precise technology in comparison with traditional. In the 0-10 cm layer have a higher accumulation of nutrients in the direct seeding. The underlying layer of soil 10-20 cm slightly shows more nutrients accumulated by plowing. It noted the excess of the biological activity of the soil and decreases its biological toxicity by moldboard treatment. Technology of cultivation of biological indicators of fertility did not have a significant different. The maximum yield of winter wheat in 2013 and 2015 was obtained by moldboard tillage under the precision farming technology. In 2014, there was a significant decrease in the yield on the moldboard treatment compared to zero (1.7 times), due to the unfavorable conditions of the fall to the previous year, which affected the value of the average yield.

Keywords: precision agriculture, cultivation techniques, fertilizer, nutrients, processing techniques, biological activity and toxicity of the soil, the yield of winter wheat.

Kotlyarova E.G., Lubentsov S.M. (lubentsov.sergei@yandex.ru)

Soil nutrition regime for pea cultivation in dependence of soil treatment system and mineral fertilizer dozes

The influence of tillage methods and fertilizers under peas on a food mode of Chernozem typical was studied. It is found that in contrast to the resource-saving processing methods plowing contributed to the alignment of the mineral nutrient content through layers of soil profile. By the time of harvest there was an increase in the content of light-hydrolyzing nitrogen throughout all the studied layers and options – to 156-209 mg/kg of soil mg/kg. The content of mobile phosphorus decreased; with plowing to a greater extent (on 80-110 mg/kg). Dynamics of the exchange potassium content was dependent on combinations of tillage method and doses of fertilizers. The reduction of the element was observed under plowing with application of fertilizer and No-till on background double-dose of fertilizers, stabilization – under mini-till with fertilizers and No-till when using fertilizers in the calculated dose. The highest yield of grain pea in the experiment was obtained at plowing, the maximum at the dose of mineral fertilizers N₅₀Р₇₀К₄₀ – 2.71 t/ha. Using of mini- and No-till resulted in a significant yield reduction (at 12-40%) on all variants of fertilizer use.

Keywords: pea, sol tillage, mineral fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, yield.

YOUNG SCIENTISTS RESEARCH

Kharitonov V.V., Shakhov S.S. (windenshaft@gmail.com)

Assessment of green manure influence on agrochemical indicators of soil

The results of the field (on the sod-podzolic soil) and microfield (on a light gray forest soil) trials of influence of green manure crops(oil radish and white mustard) on agrochemical properties of soils in the conditions of the Nizhny Novgorod region are presented. The study investigated the possibility of planting green manure crops twice during the vegetative period with subsequent incorporation of green mass. Accounting yields showed that the average above-ground mustard weight of first planting was 1.65 kg/m2, and the second one – 2.60 kg/m2. Thus, we can conclude that to improve the phytosanitary state of soils and enrich them with organic matter on the Levoberezhny part of the Nizhny Novgorod region it is potentially possible to obtain two full yields of mustard green mass.

Soil research of basic physicochemical and agrochemical indicators showed that the introduction of green manure lead to a slight increase in the degree of base soil saturation (from 82.7 to 85.7% on average in the variants with green manure), and elevated levels of ammonium form of nitrogen (6.9 mg/kg instead 3.5 mg/kg on the background) and labile potassium compounds (average 424 mg/kg on variants with green manuring and 342 mg/kg on the background). The content of soil organic matter after introduction of green matter exceeds, and its growth was directly proportional to the amount of plant mass, brought into the soil: a minimum organic carbon content noted in the introduction of first mustard yield (1.79%), while the maximum – at double cultivation and green manuring of oil radish weight (2.24%).

Keywords: green manure, soil, fertility, humus, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen.

Kovalenko E.V., Malakhov N.V. (zem@timacad.ru)

Changes of quantity and activity of soil biota in agroecosystems of different intensity

The regularities of changes in the number and vital activity intensity of soil biota in varying intensity agro-ecosystems. At a low level to ensure energy material in degraded agroecosystems and the extensive number of microorganisms that use both organic and mineral forms of nitrogen is reduced by 1.3 to 1.5 times compared to the intense. Additional enrichment of soil organic matter due to manure (17.8 t/ha) increases the number of 2.3 times, which increases the stability of the ultra-intense energy of agro-ecosystems in 2.42 times compared with the extensive and 1.5 times in comparison with the intensity . The intensity of the vital activity of the microbial community cellulose-decomposing microorganisms is closely correlated with the mass of organic matter entering the agro-ecosystem with manure and crop residues, root, and was highest in the intensive (41%) and ultra-intense (47%) agrobiocoenosis. With a sharp decrease in the mass of organic matter entering this figure is reduced to 5.1% and 6.8% degraded in extensive agro-ecosystems.

Keywords: agroecosystem, microflora, soil respiration, decomposition and synthesis of organic compounds.