SOIL PROPERTIES AND FERTILITY

Ustinova V.V., Barashkova N.V., Prokopiev A.V., Vasilieva V.A. (vasyona_8@mail.ru, bnw-07@yandex.ru, Saprok1982@gmail.com)

Estimation of condition and change of fertility of permafrost soils of agricultural lands of the city district of Yakutsk

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-001

Present is devoted to agrochemical studies of permafrost soils of agricultural land (arable land) in the vicinity of the urban district of Yakutsk in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) conducted from 2011 to 2021. On the territory of Yakutia, a total of 87,100 hectares of agricultural land were surveyed; in the city of Yakutsk, 6,620 hectares were surveyed. The permafrost soils of agricultural lands themselves have a low content of natural fertility, despite this, over the years there has been a decrease in the content of nutrients and humus. Agriculture Service of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) conducts agrochemical tours every 5 years, where data on the content of humus, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium, soil acidity and the distribution of the degree and type of soil salinization of agricultural land are examined and analyzed. It was found that in the soils of agricultural lands of the urban district of Yakutsk, the humus content decreased or remained at the same level, the acidity of the soils changed from slightly alkaline to neutral, the content of available phosphorus increased from moderate to elevated levels, and metabolic potassium levels decreased from high to moderate levels. Along with the harvest of agricultural crops, nutrients are removed from soil reserves, which must be restored by applying organic and mineral fertilizers.

Keywords: soil, agrochemical indicators, acidity, salinity, humus, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium.

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Titova V.I., Martyanova O.S., Rybin R.N. (titovavi@yandex.ru; o_s_kovalchuk@mail.ru; arriah@fsvps.gov.ru)

Dynamics of agrochemical indicators of soils of pig farm during 10-year period of its operation

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-002

The paper presents the results of the author's analysis of the data of agrochemical soil survey of a large pig farm located in Nizhny Novgorod region, carried out in 2013 and 2022 by the State Center of Agrochemical Service «Nizhegorodskiy». In 2013, the enterprise was put into operation on lands previously not used in active agricultural production for a long time. Individual fields with a total area of 381 ha were selected for the work, on which different forms and doses of pig manure were applied. When analyzing the changes, the average values of each of the agrochemical soil parameters were taken into account, taking into account the area of passportizable plots. Soil cover of the analyzed plots is represented by light gray forest soils of sandy loam, light loamy and medium loamy granulometric composition. It was found that during the period of the enterprise functioning the use of different forms of pig manure led to a significant increase in soil availability of basic nutrition elements. The greatest changes occurred in the soil supply of mobile potassium, where its content increased 4-8 times, reaching values of 280-426 mg/kg, as well as soil supply of mobile phosphorus compounds – up to 265-488 mg/kg. Soil humus content also increased, but to a greater extent from the use of liquid pig manure in doses of 60 and 90 t/ha – by 27 and 22%, respectively. Provision of soils boron, copper and zinc during the time between cycles of agrochemical survey on most plots changed from medium to very high, weighted average sulfur content in soil decreased to 8.8 mg/kg, i.e. by 5%. In general, it was noted that the strongest positive effect on the growth of humus content, mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium has a systematic application of liquid manure, and the application of solid form at a dose of 30 t/ha affects these indicators more moderately.

Keywords: soil fertility monitoring, basic agrochemical indicators, liquid and solid pig manure, application dose.

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Kirillova E.V., Gilev S.D., Efremov V.P., Lopareva E.I. (kniish@ketovo.zaural.ru)

Intensity of accumulation of plant residues while minimizing tillage and humus balance in a four-field grain-fallow crop rotation in the Trans-Urals

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-003

In two long-term stationary experiments with different levels of saturation of the crop rotation with fertilizers, we compared the intensity of accumulation of plant residues and the amount of new humus formation. Leaving the straw in the field was a condition under which the use of mineral fertilizers contributed to the stabilization of the humus content.

Keywords: plant residues, humus balance, grain-fallow crop rotation, minimizing tillage, mineralization, humification, leached chernozem.

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Zavalin A.A., Karashaeva A.S., Khusainov Kh.A. (zavalin.52@mail.ru, haron-h14@mail.ru)

On the issue of carbon emission and sequestration in agriculture of the Chechen Republic

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-004

Urgent problem of conservation and accumulation of organic carbon in soils, which play a key role in reducing CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere is presented. The presents the size of carbon inputs and losses when using modern technologies for growing crops in agriculture in the Chechen Republic. The volumes of carbon sequestration in the resulting crop production, as well as in by-products, post-harvest residues and roots, which constitute the main reserve for the supply of organic matter to chernozems, which serves as the main source of agricultural crops is 1.21 million tons, which is equivalent to the sequestration of 4.437 million tons of carbon dioxide. With by-products, crop and root residues, 701.5 tons of carbon enter the soil, which is equivalent to sequestering 2.572 million tons of carbon dioxide. When taking into account incoming and outgoing indicators, the conditional carbon balance has a positive value.

Keywords: soil respiration, mechanical losses, emission, carbon, greenhouse gases.

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Voronina L.V., Gorlenko A.S., Yakovlev A.S. (love.petrova1@yandex.ru)

Evaluation of artificial soilground based on waste from phosphate fertilizer production (phosphogypsum)

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-005

The scientific article discusses the impact of artificial soils based on mineral fertilizer production waste (neutralized phosphogypsum) on higher plants vitality. A comprehensive assessment of changes in development indicators of higher plants, whose growth occurs under the influence of different doses of phosphogypsum in artificially formed soil, has been performed. The parameters of germination, root and shoot length in a short-term experiment, biomass in a chronic vegetation experiment, and the accumulation of phosphogypsum components in plant biomass have been studied. The total concentrations of phosphogypsum components which significantly influence the investigated biological indicators have been justified. Considering the established total concentrations of phosphogypsum components optimal for development of biological objects, doses of phosphogypsum in soils recommended for reclamation purposes on disturbed lands are proposed for use in soil production.

Keywords: phosphogypsum, macrokinetic model of biological growth, higher plants, recultivation, artificial soilground.

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Azovtseva N.A., Parfenova A.M. (Azovtseva@mail.ru, parf_07@mail.ru)

Electromagnetic parameters of soils and features of heavy metals content in urbanozems NorthEastern administrative district of Moscow City

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-006

In 2023 the ecological state of soils in test areas exposed to intense anthropogenic load was studied in the NorthEastern Administrative Okrug of Moscow with the use of modern informative electromagnetic methods. An original magnetometer Volna-2 and corresponding software tools developed by the authors were applied. The salt status of the soils was investigated by conductometry. The electrolytic state and acidity of the soils were determined. The bulk content of heavy metals in the soils of test areas is some cases exceeded the natural background level by three times. The conducted study of soil contamination by heavy metals and electromagnetic state of the soils was based on official laws and normative requirements adopted in Moscow. The results of this study can be used to develop a scientifically sound regulatory framework for assessing the environmental quality of megalopolis soils, as a priority task of stated in the Law of Moscow «On Urban Soils» № 31 from July 4, 2007 [1-3].

Keywords: heavy metals, magnetic induction, magnetometer, electrical conductivity, pH of soil solution.

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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Lapushkina A.A., Lapushkin V.M. (alapushkina@rgau-msha.ru, lapushkin@rgau-msha.ru)

Influence of microelement (Se, V, W, I) salt on resistance of buckwheat to moisture deficiency at different supply of soil with mobile phosphorus

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-007

The results of 2-year vegetation studies devoted to studying the influence of pre-sowing seed treatment with solutions of selenium, vanadium, tungsten and iodine salts on the yield and its structure, as well as on the quality indicators of buckwheat grain are presented. The experimental crop was grown on soil with different supplies of available phosphorus and was subjected to artificially created drought. The use of sodium selenite helped reduce stress caused by water deficiency and increased the yield of buckwheat grain by 9-12%, regardless of soil enrichment with phosphates. Moreover, the use of ammonium vanadate, ammonium tungstate and ammonium iodide reduced grain losses by 18, 16 and 21%, respectively, compared to treating seeds with distilled water only on soil with a low content of available phosphorus.

Keywords: buckwheat, drought, different supply of soil with phosphorus, selenium, vanadium, tungsten, iodine, pre-sowing seed treatment.

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Malankina E.L., Terekhova V.I., Tkacheva E.N. (malankina@rgau-msha.ru, v_terekhova@rgau-msha.ru, e.tkacheva@rgau-msha.ru)

Application strategy of auxins and amino acids preparations to increase quality for hyssop and melissa seedlings

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-008

Using the example of hyssop and lemon balm, the effectiveness of using growth-regulating and amino acid microelement complexes in growing cassette seedlings of small-seeded medicinal crops is shown. The domestic complex OMEK-7 (JSC Bioamide, Russia) and the drugs Aminozol and Magfos (Lebozol, Germany) were used in the work. The effectiveness of using OMEK-7 on seedlings is probably due to the lack of copper in peat soils and the replenishment of the deficiency of this element by introducing chelate forms. This also explains the greater number of flowering hyssop plants in variants with this drug. Pre-planting treatment with an auxin preparation followed by treatment with amino acid complexes promotes a more active growth of both the aboveground mass and the root system, creating conditions for a dense, non-scattering coma that is convenient for mechanized planting. The proposed technology elements make it possible to obtain seedlings suitable for mechanized planting in 55 days for hyssop and in 50 for lemon balm.

Keywords: hyssop, lemon balm, amino acids, trace elements, cassette seedlings, indole butyric acid.

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Kotova Z.P., Filippova P.S., Danilova T.A., Tyukalov Yu.A. (zinaida_kotova@mail.ru)

Studying possibility of potato biofortification Iodine in conditions of the North-West of the Russian Federation

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-009

The presents the results of 3-year experiment to study effects of foliar treatment with potassium iodide on the productivity and quality of potato with various maturation periods. The study showed that potato varieties react differently to iodine treatment. For three years, the more early varieties Udacha and Red Scarlett were the most responsive, providing the maximum yield increase (17 and 8%, respectively) from double treatment with potassium iodide. The greatest effect of potassium iodide was obtained in the dry year 2020 (HTC 1.1). It has been established that the amount of precipitation during and after the treatment period is a key factor affecting the yield and quality of the studied varieties. Heavy precipitation contributed to increased iodine migration and reduced the effect of foliar KI treatments. As a result, the studied doses of KI were insufficient for a more pronounced effect. Nevertheless, treatment with potassium iodide contributed to a significant increase in the content of vitamin C in tubers from 5 to 20%, as well as a decrease in the content of nitrates in all potato varieties. An increase in starch content by 3-12% from the use of iodine was noted only in early varieties Udacha and Red Scarlett. No positive effect from the use of potassium iodine has been established on the mid-season Aurora variety.

Keywords: potatoes, potassium iodide, foliar treatment, yield, tuber quality.

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Melchenko E.A., Krivorotov S.B., Mazirov M.A., Melchenko A.I. (melchenko.e.a@mail.ru, skrevorotov_2002@rambler.ru, alexkuban59@mail.ru, mazirov@mail.ru)

Accumulation of radionuclide in strawberries depending on its location in soil

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-0010

Results of research of Sr⁹⁰ migration from soil to strawberry plants, conducted in the soil and climatic zone of the Krasnodar region are presented. As a result of the experiment, quantitative indicators of the specific activity of Sr⁹⁰ in individual organs and parts of the plant were determined. The experimental plots were laid on leached chernozem soil, the location of the radionuclide on the soil surface. The research period was 8 years (2014-2021). As a result of a field experiment, a tendency to increase the specific activity of the studied radionuclide in plant organs was established. Thus, over the entire observation period, the specific activity of Sr⁹⁰ in the leaf apparatus of strawberry varieties Clery and Elizabeth 2 increased by 5,6 and 6,3 times, respectively. In shoots, the increase in the specific activity of Sr⁹⁰ was 1,3 and 1,5 times, respectively, in fruits – 1,4 and 1,5 times. It was found that the greatest accumulation of Sr⁹⁰ in the studied berry plant occurs in the first years of its stay in experimental plots. After the completed experiment It has become possible to assert that when radionuclide is located on the soil surface, its greater accumulation occurs in the remontant variety.

Keywords: leached chernozem soil, strawberries, radionuclide, migration, accumulation.

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Savina A.A., Kolesnik N.S., Voronina O.A., Zaitsev S.Yu. (iraBlackFire@mail.ru, kominisiko@mail.ru, VoroninaOk-senia@inbox.ru, s.y.zaitsev@mail.ru)

Interrelation of the content of ceruloplasmin with some amino acids and biochemical indicators of the blood serum of hybrid pigs

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-0011

Technological and environmental conditions of keeping pigs in modern livestock complexes contribute to the occurrence of stress in animals, which causes economic damage, worsens the condition of the body and provokes pathological changes. To monitor this condition and obtain data on the antioxidant activity of the blood of animals, various indicators are examined, one of them may be ceruloplasmin (CP). Three-breed commodity hybrids of pigs with a live weight of 90-100 kg after 100-120 days of fattening were selected for the experiment. It was found that when pigs are divided into groups with different levels of CP, there is an increase in the values of a number of biochemical parameters, such as total protein, globulin fraction, ALT activity, cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The content of a number of amino acids increases: leucine, lysine, asparagine and aspartic acid, alanine, histidine, isoleucine, glycine and cysteine. Thus, for the first tids was studied and the relationship between the CP values and some amino acids and biochemical parameters was found, which can serve as a promising diagnostic indicator for assessing the state of the pig’s body by their fattening.

Keywords:three-breed pig hybrids, ceruloplasmin, amino acids, blood biochemistry, antioxidants.

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INVESTIGATION METHODS

Yakushev V.V., Lomakin V.S., Chasovskikh S.V., Telal B.A., Matveenko D.A. (mail@agrophys.com)

An approach to automating the design process of agricultural technologies in conditions of the transition to management of the cropping industry according to the rules of adaptivelandscape agriculture with elements of precision agriculture

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-0012

In order to develop an approach to automating the process of designing agricultural technologies, studies have been carried out, which are the pre-project stage of creating a computer-aided design system for agricultural technologies (hereinafter – CAD AT) for land plots used by an agricultural enterprise in the production of products in the context of the transition to the management of the crop production industry according to the rules of adaptive-landscape agriculture (ALA) with elements of precision farming. The approach is based on: formulated primary requirements of the user for AT CAD; process operations (functions of the design subject) that are potentially suitable for automation at the first stage of CAD AT creation established as a result of the analysis of the manual design mode; established connections, structure and place of CAD AT in the document flow of an agricultural enterprise at the stage of transition to the management of the crop production industry according to the rules of ALA with elements of precision farming; 3 computer programs have been developed and registered, as a platform for the development of CAD AT.

Keywords: adaptive landscape farming systems, precision farming, computer-aided design systems for agricultural technologies, databases, vegetation indices.

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REVIEWS

Ovcharenko M.M., Nekrasov R.V., Stepanova O.I. (rauna-m@mail.ru, pr.deprasten@mcx.gov.ru, agrohim_42@mail.ru)

Analysis of phosphorus availability in arable soils of the Kuzbass

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-0013

The article provides analysis on the provision of arable soils in the Kuzbass with phosphorus available to plants and the possibility of using phosphorite flour. The period of active chemicalization in 1986-1990 in the region was characterized by a positive phosphorus balance. The phosphorus balance increased during this period due to the use of mineral and organic fertilizers and was positive. With a sharp decrease in the use of phosphorus and organic fertilizers since from the 1990s. for agricultural crops are constantly depleted of soils with phosphorus both in the regions and in the Kemerovo region, he weighted average content of P₂O₅ has reached the level of the 1960s, the negative phosphorus balance has reached more than 13 kg/ha. Measures are proposed to optimize mineral nutrition of plants with nitrogen and phosphorus, which ensure crop increase. On acidic soils with pH < 5.5, with low and medium availability of mobile phosphorus it is recommended to apply phosphorite flour, as well as the use of bacterial and mycorrhizal fungi fertilizers. The analysis of the literature data confirms the results of the authors' studies on the effectiveness of the use of phosphorite flour and bacterial fertilizers.

Keywords: mobile phosphorus, balance, phosphoritization, phosphorite flour, bacterial fertilizers, mycorrhizal fungi.

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Papaskiri T.V., Mitrofanov S.V., Orlova N.V., Savina N.P., Bogdanchikov I.Yu. (t_papaskiri@mail.ru, smitrofanov@hse.ru, Savina.NP@rea.ru, mc62@mail.ru)

Use of fertilizers in agriculture in Spain: the impact on nutrient balance and greenhouse gas emissions

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-0014

Article is devoted to the analysis of the impact of agricultural fertilizers on the balance of basic plant nutrition elements and greenhouse gas emissions in Spain. It has been established that the balance of the main elements of nutrition is deficient in nature, which is associated with the systematic use of mineral and organic fertilizers. At the same time, the intensive use of fertilizers entails a number of negative consequences, among which the problems associated with greenhouse gas emissions are highlighted. For this reason, given the complex impact of fertilizers on the sustainability of agriculture, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, it is necessary in Spain to introduce methods to optimize the doses of fertilizers used to balance the need to increase crop yields and protect the environment, also methods of biologization of agriculture, contributing to reducing the negative effects of fertilizers.

Keywords: sustainable agriculture, fertilizers, balance of plant nutrition elements, greenhouse gases.

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YOUNG SCIENTISTS RESEARCH

Chekin M.R. (scientific supervisors – Dr.Sci. professor Makarov O.A., Ph.D., ass. professor Pozdnyakov L.A.) (vmrchekin@soil.msu.ru)

Experience of microbiological indication of agrodepletion of leached chernozem

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-0015

The article considers the possibility of using microbiological indicators to assess the degradation of leached chernozem according to the criteria of agro-purification. The soils of two agricultural farms of the Penza region with different humus content, exchangeable potassium, mobile phosphorus and acidity values were selected as objects of research. The following microbiological indicators were determined in the selected samples: basal respiration of the soil, the intensity of actual and potential denitrification, the activity of nitrogen fixation and methane emission, the biomass of microbes by substrate-induced respiration, the «metabolic» coefficient _qCO₂, the total number of prokaryotes and the number of metabolically active bacteria and archaea. According to the results of the discriminant analysis, a combination of microbiological indicators has been identified, with the help of which it is possible to determine the average score of soil degradation from agro-exhaustion. The most sensitive indicators were the intensity of nitrogen fixation and active microbial biomass. It was found that as the degree of soil degradation increases, the specific intensity of nitrogen fixation decreases, while changes in active biomass have a wavelike character, which defines it as a precursor to qualitative changes in the microbial system.

Keywords: soil degradation, microbiological indicators, nitrogen fixation, active microbial mass, discriminant analysis.

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Osmani M.H. (scientific supervisor – Dr.Sci. Belopukhov S.L.) (sbelopuhov@rgau-msha.ru)

Influence of gibberellin on the growth and development of soybean in Afghanistan

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-0016

The results of studies on the pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with gibberellin when growing soybeans in the Qubul region of Afghanistan are presented. The purpose of the study was to study the influence of a growth regulator on the formation of elements and the magnitude of soybean yield (Glycine max L.) of the early variety Stine-3400/2. The growth regulator gibberellin was used by treating seeds with different concentrations of solution at the rate of 250, 500 and 750 ml per 1 ton of seeds. The control was the option without the use of a plant growth regulator. The research was conducted at the agricultural experimental plot of Kabul University between April 2021 and September 2023. Experimental plots were placed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Statistical processing of research results was carried out using software (ANOVA) and using the analysis of variance method. It has been shown that the use of a dose of gibberellin at a level of 500 ml/t significantly affects the number of branches on the plant, plant height and grain yield. Monitoring the dynamics of changes in the content of chlorophyll (a + b) and nitrogen in the leaves during the growth and development of plants makes it possible to optimize the dose of a plant growth regulator, as well as o evaluate the necessary doses of nitrogen fertilizers to obtain a high-quality soybean crop.

Keywords: plant growth regulators, soybean, chlorophyll, gibberellin, yield, product quality.

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Gabitov R.Kh. (scientific supervisor – Dr.Sci., assistant professor Lukmanov A.A.) (Ranis.Gabitov@tatar.ru)

Methods for increasing productivity of zonal soils of the Republic of Tatarstan

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2024-1-0017

This paper examines the results of the applicant’s research work carried out in 2018-2022. as part of the work program for completing a candidate's dissertation. It has been established that liming, phosphorite treatment of slightly acidic zonal soils of the Republic of Tatarstan with subsequent annual application of calculated norms of mineral fertilizers for a planned yield of 5.0 t/ha of grain units on leached chernozems in the field crop rotation link (pure fallow – winter rye – spring wheat – spring barley – corn for silage) provides an additional production of 1.18 t/ha of grain units, which is higher by 0.74 t/ha compared to the use of the same standards of mineral fertilizers without chemical reclamation, while the payback is 1 kg of a.m. mineral fertilizers increases to 10.2 kg of grain units versus 3.8 kg/kg; net profit from 1 hectare of arable land is 15.8 thousand rubles; profitability reaches a maximum value of 60.3%. On gray forest soils with a pH of 5.1 without liming and phosphorization, the introduction of expensive mineral fertilizers is economically unprofitable: the profitability of production of 1 ton of grain units is only 14.8%; net profit is 3.8 thousand rubles/ha; the cost is lower than the selling price by only 400 rubles/ton (within the error of experience). In terms of agronomic and economic indicators, dark gray forest soils occupy an intermediate position in response to the complex use of agrochemicals between leached chernozems and gray forest soils.

Keywords: soil cover, liming, phosphorite treatment, mineral fertilizers, grain units, productivity, net profit, profitability, cost.